Contact us Although the alliances with Belgium, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia were appreciated in Paris, it was widely understood that this was no compensation for the absence of Britain and the United States. High-voltage Transmission Lines, initially above-ground but then buried, and connected to the civil power grid, provided electric power to the many fortifications and fortresses. World War I absolutely devastated France. Patreon: https://www.patr. You go around it. Such accusations are unfounded". Kaufmann, J.E., Kaufmann, H.W., Jancovi-Potonik, A. and Lang, P. This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 20:42. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. These generally had two floors, with a firing level and a support/infrastructure level that provided the troops with rest and services (power-generating units, reserves of water, fuel, food, ventilation equipment, etc.). Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Somewhat like "line in the sand" it is also used in non-military situations, as in "Reagan's budgetary Maginot Line."[56]. Spring arrives, and Claudia associates this event with being whipped with a switch instead of a strap. Elihue hates the animal and longs to poison it, but he convinces himself that he wishes to poison it for the animal's own sake. [10], The training was carried out at a fortress near the town of Bitche in Moselle in Lorraine, built in a military training area and so capable of live fire exercises. ", "Opinion The difficult truths behind 'Dunkirk', The Maginot Line (French/English/German/Italian), Fortress of Schoenenbourg, (French/English/German/Italian), The U.S. Army vs. The Germany-facing section of the Maginot Line presented a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts that ran 16 miles (25 kilometers) deep in places. Behind them were minefields and tank traps made from row after row of porcupine-like iron girders that would cripple armored vehicles. She is surprised to see them, and they ask her why she is not afraid of the Maginot Line. Sometimes it can end up there. The secret German-Soviet cooperation started in 1921. [50] Kaufmann and Kaufmann point to the Maginot Line along the Italian border, which "demonstrated the effectiveness of the fortifications when properly employed".[51]. Want 100 or more? She makes fun of Claudia and Frieda and tries to get them into trouble, and they sometimes beat her up. Geraldines son, who, in the absence of genuine affection from his mother, becomes cruel and sadistic. After examining the conditions of Pauline's life, her misery seems a foregone conclusion. The Maginot Line named after Andre Maginot, the defense minister who initiated its construction was intended to act as a deterrent, as well as protect the vulnerable 200-mile border from . His rape of Pecola is motivated by hatredthe text says explicitly that he despises his daughter for loving him because he is painfully aware of his failures. Miss Marie is insulted when Claudia tells her she is "ruined." The line has since become a metaphor for expensive efforts that offer a false sense of security.[1]. The Maginot Line is upstairs on the porch drinking root beer, and she tells the children that Pecola is helping her mother at her workplace. She seems to see herself as an aggressor, but she has also suffered in her life. With the advent of French nuclear weapons in the early 1960s, the line became an expensive anachronism. A period of sustained Francophobia broke out in Britain, with Poincar being vilified in Britain as a cruel bully punishing Germany with unreasonable reparations demands. 7 turrets for mixed weapons + mortar of 50mm (2.0in). Although we are told that Cholly has no sense of fatherhood because he never knew his own parents (a statement which emphasizes social forces rather than Cholly's choices), we are also told repeatedly that Cholly is dangerously free. Attacking on 10 May, German forces were well into France within five days and they continued to advance until 24 May, when they stopped near Dunkirk. It even included air conditioning and underground railways for reinforcements. First-person narrative by Claudia MacTeer. How Hitler's Blitzkrieg Tactic Shocked the Allies in WWII. "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking." "That's the part that fell apart for the Allies.". on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% She allows the girls inside. Maginot Line. Both static and mobile artillery units were assigned to defend the Maginot Line. You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Teachers and parents! The fortifications did not extend through the Ardennes Forest (which was believed to be impenetrable by Commander-in-Chief Maurice Gamelin) or along France's border with Belgium because the two countries had signed an alliance in 1920, by which the French army would operate in Belgium if the German forces invaded. Read an in-depth analysis of Pecola Breedlove. She then throws her root-beer bottle down at the girls' feet and laughs loudly, terrifying the girls, who run until they can't run any farther. As with his son Sammy, who is always running away from home, Cholly's gender gives him a degree of agency that Pecola and Pauline simply do not have. for a customized plan. The pie that should become a pleasant memory for Pecola will only be a pleasant memory for the little white girl"Polly" exerts all her effort in trying to make the house of the white folks feel like a home. She is lonely and imaginative. French military chiefs were dubious about their ability to win another war against Germany on its own, especially an offensive war. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. Read an in-depth analysis of Cholly Breedlove. How long did it take to built the maginot line? The Maginot Line tells them she works at a big white lakefront house. Ouvrage Hochwald is the only facility in the main line that remains in active service as a hardened command facility for the French Air Force known as Drachenbronn Airbase. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. They go to Pecolas house, but no one is home. The third person narrator points out that for the cavity to have grown, the conditions for it to fester must have been in placea clear metaphor for the social forces that have trapped Pauline in a hard and joyless life. The location of this attack, chosen because of the location of the Maginot Line, was through the Belgian Ardennes Forest (sector 4), which is off the map to the left of Maginot Line sector 6 (as marked). TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. [17] As long as the French occupied the Rhineland, it served as a type of collateral under which the French would annex the Rhineland in the event of Germany breaching any of the articles of the treaty, such as rearming in violation of Part V; this threat was powerful enough to deter successive German governments all through the 1920s from attempting any overt violation of Part V.[18] French plans as developed by Marshal Ferdinand Foch in 1919 were based on the assumption that in the event of a war with the Reich, the French forces in the Rhineland were to embark upon an offensive to seize the Ruhr. In the following days, infantry divisions of the 1st Army attacked fortifications on each side of the penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! Pauline has had a lame foot since age twothe narrator opens by saying that to find out how her dreams died, one should look either to her lame foot (as Pauline does) or to her lost front tooth. For the girls, the beauty of the homes likewise signifies their worth and the worth of the people who live in them. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 . She has a deformed foot and sees herself as the martyr of a terrible marriage. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. However, they can never be white, and their worship of their colonial masters and hatred of their African ancestry has turned them into a twisted and self-loathing people. Fortress construction in France continued through the 19th century. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. [23], The Maginot Line was intended to block the main German blow if it should come via eastern France and divert it through Belgium, where French forces would meet and stop the Germans. This section shows the powerful deterministic forces that have shaped Pauline. Claudias mother, an authoritarian and sometimes callous woman who nonetheless steadfastly loves and protects her children. These women are prostitutes. This logical but mistaken chain of reasoning adds a rare note of humor to the story that is unfolding. After a humiliating defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, the French built a ring of 19 heavily fortified military bases around the ancient city of Verdun in northeastern France near the borders with Germany, Luxembourg and Belgium. Mr. Yacobowski The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. However, when the Germans attacked . Complete your free account to request a guide. Humiliated but also powerless, Cholly keeps at it until the hunters grow bored and leave. Their misinterpretation highlights their innocence. The kitchen is spotless, with white porcelain and white woodwork. [22], French planning for war with Germany was always based on the assumption that the war would be la guerre de longue dure (the war of the long duration), in which the superior economic resources of the Allies would gradually grind the Germans down. By the time Germany invaded Poland in 1939, it was clear to French military leaders that they had greatly underestimated the speed and ruthless efficiency of the German blitzkrieg. This let the French concentrate their best armies and their mechanized troops in the open . Maginot was another veteran of World War I; he became the French Minister of Veteran Affairs and then Minister of War (19281932). resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss thenovel. Frieda likewise demonstrates her love for her father by hitting Rosemary. The three prostitutes are nice to her, which makes her love them.. Claudia wonders, almost enviously, how being touched in this way feels, but Frieda rejects this questionwhat is important is not how she feels but what has been done to her and how her parents react. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. There are 58 ouvrages, 311 casemates, 78 shelters, 14 observatories and around 4,000 blockhouses on the North-West, and 84 ouvrages, 41 casemates, three observatories and around 1,000 blockhouses to the South-West. Claudia's response reveals the injustice she feels with regard to the little girl's gesture, and the violent tendencies such feelings inspire. She is given to fussing aloud and to singing the blues. Principal line of resistance: This line began 10km (6mi) behind the border. The houses are sturdier, literally because they are better constructed than the houses in the black section of town, and symbolically as the families that live in them are more stable than the black families in the story. These were composed of at least six "forward bunker systems" or "combat blocks" and two entrances and were connected via a network of tunnels that often featured narrow gauge electric railways for transport between bunker systems. The local prostitues, Miss Marie (also known as the Maginot Line) is fat and affectionate, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is quiet. The design of the casemates is similar to the ones found in the southern part of the Maginot Line, and photographs of them are often confused with Maginot forts. Pauline makes a little extra noise while delivering, to let the doctors know that she's no horseand she also points out to us that if you look into a mare's eyes, you realize that even a horse feels pain. It took nine years, from 1929 to 1938, to build the Maginot Line. The family does not pay Pauline the last bit of money they owe her. A rapid advance through the forest and across the River Meuse encircled much of the Allied forces, resulting in a sizeable force having to be evacuated at Dunkirk leaving the troops to the south unable to mount an effective resistance to the German invasion of France.[3]. In the 17th century, from his luxurious palace at Versailles, Louis XIV oversaw the construction of citadels and fortresses meant to mark and protect the Sun King's territory. The serpent is the largest remaining artifact from World War II. In the interval between world wars, several European countries built elaborate permanent fortifications. The community knows Miss Marie as the Maginot Line. [14], In 1926, The Manchester Guardian ran an expos showing the Reichswehr had been developing military technology forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles in the Soviet Union. Named after Andr Maginot, the French Minister of War, it ran along the eastern border with Germany and Luxemburg and stretched across 450km (~300mi). They could also be used as a local headquarters and counterattack base. Their crew consisted of between 100 and 200 men. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. The Maginot Line took 10 years to build, starting in 1929. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Bluest Eye. Claudia's assumption that sexual interaction always feels good suggests an innocence that Frieda no longer has. However, he noted that the French failed to use the line as the basis for an offensive. On the balcony above the door, Marie (the Maginot Line) is having a drink of root-beer. The rejection by Samson Fuller is a turning point in Cholly's life: "Abandoned in a junk heap by his mother, rejected for a crap game by his father, there was nothing more to lose." Built at a cost that possibly exceeded $9 billion in. In 1939 U.S. Army officer Kenneth Nichols visited the Metz sector, where he was impressed by the formidable formations which he thought the Germans would have to outflank by driving through Belgium. The doctors dehumanize Pauline, and part of that dehumanization takes the form of refusing to look into her eyesbecause if they did, they would see her looking back at them, and encounter Pauline's undeniable humanness and her status as a subject (as opposed to purely an object). France quickly extended the Maginot Line along the Franco-Belgian border, but not to the standard of the rest of the line. The Maginot Line is upstairs on the porch drinking root beer, and she tells the children that Pecola is helping her mother at her workplace. She becomes pregnant. Kaufmann and H.W. She is tall and impressive, and she carries a hickory stick. Having light eyes marks a character as different. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. Nazi Germany Conquers France: April 1940-December 1940, Constructing an Unbreakable Wall of Defense, The Nazis' End-run Around the Maginot Line, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security, multiple books on World War II military campaigns, magnificent fortified town of Neuf-Brisach, a string of obstacles, traps and artillery forts. The white family's home stands in stark contrast to the home the Breedloves live in. She has not yet learned the self-hatred that plagues her peers. Teach your students to analyze literature like LitCharts does. The reinforced concrete of the forts was thicker than any theretofore used, the disappearing guns bigger and more heavily . Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. In her distress, Mrs. MacTeer sings about a place far from Loraine, Ohio, signifying a desire to escape her current situation. From front to rear (east to west), the line was composed of: 1. The local grocer, a middle-aged white immigrant. Their father's reaction, while violent, demonstrates the love he has for his family, which is contrasted later when Cholly rapes Pecola, simultaneously failing to protect her and acting as the aggressor. Chollys father, who abandoned Chollys mother when she got pregnant. Published April 09, 2021 03:43:00. The women live together in an apartment above the Breedloves. The landscape of the Moselle region is truly beautiful and everywhere you will find abandoned, rusting reminders of what was once the most formidable line of forts ever constructed. During peacetime, fortresses were only partly manned by full-time troops. The MacTeers boarder, who has a reputation for being a steady worker and a quiet man. He has also acquired the nickname Soaphead Church. [53] New York Times headlined "Maginot Line in the Sky" in 2000[54] and "A New Maginot Line" in 2001. "The Maginot Line was meant to stop a World War I-style attack of infantry and artillery, and it did what it was supposed to do," says Kirchubel, who's written multiple books on World War II military campaigns. A white, comparatively wealthy girl who lives next door to the MacTeers. Telephone Network: This system connected every fortification in the Maginot Line, including bunkers, infantry and artillery fortresses, observation posts and shelters. The serpent, constructed over a period of 11 years at a cost of some seven billion prewar francs, was France's last, best hope to avert another German invasion, another devastating war. The French had been building state-of-the-art fortresses and fortified cities along the German border for centuries. With fresh memories of fighting and living in squalid, open-air trenches, the French spent a decade building a 300-mile (482-kilometer) series of underground fortifications that would be both impenetrable and comfortable to live in. She treats the girls with some kindness, telling them that Pecola is with Mrs. Breedlove at the house where Mrs. Breedlove is a servant. Their crews ranged from 500 to more than 1,000 men. By asking Frieda if she just sat there, Claudia displays her ignorance of the realities of male oppression of women. The elderly woman who raises Cholly. Frieda and Claudia decide to ask Pecola to get whisky from her father in order to keep Frieda from getting fat. Her experience of unwanted sexual attention contrasts sharply with Pecolas rape experience, in which Pecolas father not only fails to protect her, but is the perpetrator himself. China, Poland, and Miss Marie Character Timeline in The Bluest Eye Here the Line ran east-west, around the villages of Rittershoffen and Hatten, south of Wissembourg. who had replaced Neville Chamberlain as a prime minister. The playground for whites only lets the girls know that they are in a place where they are not welcomed based purely on the color of their skin. What was the Purpose of the Maginot Line? It is also possible that Miss Mary Mack comes from the slang meaning of mack for a "pimp" or "flirting," dating back to the late 1800s. The Maginot Line allowed France to defend its border with Germany with second-rate fortress troops. The protagonist of the novel, an eleven-year-old Black girl who believes that she is ugly and that having blue eyes would make her beautiful. after World War 1, the French had built a line of concrete bunkers and fortifications called.. Battle of Britain. These colossal concrete "works" packed heavy firepower and were connected to nearby stations by underground rail lines to shuttle men, weapons and supplies. Mrs. Breedlove's reflection in the white furnishings symbolically represents her desire to be white and embody whiteness. The main construction was largely completed by 1939, at the cost of around 3 billion French francs (around 3.9 billion in today's U.S. dollars worth). Under the Treaty of Versailles, France was to occupy the Rhineland region of Germany until 1935. If the animal eats the meat and behaves strangely, her wish will be granted. Even as an adult, Mrs. Breedlove is inferior to the little white girl, as shown when the little girl calls her by the nickname "Polly." During the advance to the English Channel, the Germans overran France's border defence with Belgium and several Maginot Forts in the Maubeuge area whilst the Luftwaffe simply flew over it. creating and saving your own notes as you read. The final line was strongest around the industrial regions of Metz, Lauter and Alsace, while other areas were, in comparison, only weakly guarded. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! [clarification needed] The line stretched from Switzerland to Luxembourg and a much lighter extension was extended to the Strait of Dover after 1934. Beyond that, the French were well aware of the contribution of Britain and its dominions to the victory of 1918. [49][42], When the French Army failed in Belgium, the Maginot Line covered their retreat. He is a kind man and excellent storyteller. She has renounced her own black family for the family of her white employer. Pecola and the MacTeers leave the house in shame, laundry bag in tow, and as they leave they can hear Mrs. Breedlove fussing over the little white girl, who is crying. It is the Maginot Line. Claudia does not yet know that her mother here is reacting to Frieda's assault by Mr. Henry. A third-person omniscient narrator describes Cholly's life. 7. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. All these troops wore distinctive uniform insignia and considered themselves among the elite of the French Army. Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. France lost about 1.4 million dead and 4.2 million wounded, while . Sensitive and delicate, she passively suffers the abuse of her mother, father, and classmates. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." [19], The American historian William Keylor wrote that given the diplomatic conditions of 1929 and likely trends with the United States isolationist and Britain unwilling to make the "continental commitment" the decision to build the Maginot Line was not irrational and stupid, as building the Maginot Line was a sensible response to the problems that would be created by the coming French withdrawal from the Rhineland in 1930. [13] From 1871 forward, French elites had concluded that France had no hope of defeating Germany on its own, and France would need an alliance with another great power to defeat the Reich. ! Stewart, Amber ed. A co-worker and friend of Chollys during his boyhood. on 2-49 accounts, Save 30% [26] Of French trade, 35 percent was with the British Empire and the majority of the tin, rubber, jute, wool and manganese used by France came from the British Empire. 20% He lives in Macon, Georgia, and is short, balding, and mean. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! "With the Maginot Line, Joffre's idea was to take these fortifications that France had had for 200 years and bring them into the mid-20th century," says Kirchubel. Her desire to disavow her daughter is proved when the white girl asks who the black children were and Mrs. Breedlove avoids answering her. Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. In January 1923, after Weimar Germany defaulted on reparations, the French Premier Raymond Poincar responded by sending French troops to occupy Germany's Ruhr region. Infantry Casemates: These bunkers were armed with twin machine-guns (abbreviated as JM Jumelage de mitrailleuses in French) and anti-tank guns of 37 or 47mm (1.5 or 1.9in). Music Producer, Rapper, Gamer, Artist , Just trying to make it through this thing called LIFE!! Pecola's lies demonstrate the insecurity she feels about herself, and her self-perceived ugliness. They had such features as electric generators, ventilation systems, water supplies, kitchens and heating, which allowed their occupants to hold out in the event of an attack. [35] The idea was shelved. [18] French decision-makers knew that the victory of 1918 had been achieved because the British Empire and the United States were allies in the war and that the French would have been defeated on their own. "The Maginot Line fit perfectly with this kind of thinking.". Miss Marie is overweight and kind, China is skinny and sarcastic, and Poland is taciturn. French decision-makers believed they needed Britain's help to win another war; the French could only go so far with alienating the British. The 1st Army also conducted two attacks against the Maginot Line further to the east in northern Alsace. [39][40], The historian Clayton Donnell commented, "If one believes the Maginot Line was built for the primary purpose of stopping a German invasion of France, most will consider it a massive failure and a waste of money in reality, the line was not built to be the ultimate saviour of France". However, the French line was weak near the Ardennes Forest. All cloches were made of alloy steel. Frieda ran from the house to find her parents, who were in the garden, and told them what had happened. French military experts believed the line would deter German aggression because it would slow an invasion force long enough for French forces to mobilise and counterattack. [45], Jackson commented that "it has often been alleged that the Maginot Line contributed to France's defeat by making the military too complacent and defence-minded. She finds Frieda upstairs crying. Cholly searches for father figuresfirst, in Blue Jack, and then in his biological father. "[36] In addition, the French envisioned that the Germans would conduct a repeat of their First World War battle plan to flank the defences and drew up their overall strategy with that in mind. But when Hitler and the Nazis rose to power in the early 1930s, they quickly backed out of the Treaty of Versailles and began equipping for a much different kind of war. After that, her marriage with Cholly deteriorates rapidly. Youve successfully purchased a group discount. The first girl that Cholly likes. In the wake of that catastrophic war, the French government vowed to protect its vulnerable northeast border with Germany from any future attacks. Discount, Discount Code 9. Feester: To worsen, especially due to lack of attention. The German Army, having reformulated their plans from a repeat of the First World War-era plan, became aware of and exploited this weak point in the French defensive front. The color of eyes is not for looking, but for being looked at. The dog devours the meat and dies almost immediately, and Pecola flees in terror. [18] The power of properly dug-in defensive trenches had been amply demonstrated during World War I, when a few soldiers manning a single machine gun post could kill hundreds of the enemy in the open and therefore building a massive defensive line with subterranean concrete shelters was the most rational use of French manpower. When the British Expeditionary Force landed in France in September 1939, they and the French reinforced and extended the Maginot line to the sea in a flurry of construction from 1939 to 1940, accompanied by general improvements all along the line. The girl is the daughter of the family that employs Breedlove as a servant. (including. These various structures reinforced a principal line of resistance made up of the most heavily armed ouvrages, which can be roughly translated as fortresses or big defensive works. Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. [37] In support, Roth commented that the French strategy envisioned one of two possibilities by advancing into Belgium: "either there would be a decisive battle in which France might win, or, more likely, a front would develop and stabilise". Purchasing The Maginot Line Two score and six years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand, delivered a speech that would forever mark how America viewed race relations. Poland is taciturn Poland is taciturn sense of security. [ 1 ] the.... Tells them she works at a big white lakefront house $ 4.99/month or $ 24.99/year as selected above keeps it! Army attacked fortifications on each side of the penetration, capturing four petits ouvrages ( )... And embody whiteness also powerless, Cholly keeps at it until the hunters bored! 50Mm ( 2.0in ) a Line of concrete bunkers and fortifications called.. Battle of Britain and dominions. 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